FINAL SCORE STORY TELLING COMPETITION 2015

story telling competition that implemented on May, 7th 2015 in STKIP PGRI Trenggalek was successfully. that competition was followed by 16 senior high school in entire of Trenggalek districk. Now I will show you the result of the final score.... Let's check.. :)

SCORING LIST
STORY TELLING COMPETITION
STKIP PGRI TRENGGALEK 2015
NO.	NAME	SCHOOL	SCORE	STATUS
31	PUSVITA LESTARI	SMAN 1 PANGGUL	464	1
41	HARISSA FAIRUZ  YULIKA SARI	SMAN 1 TRENGGALEK	463	2
15	GIGIH WIDY .M	SMA N 1 TRENGGALEK	461	3
36	YUDHISTIRA ANDARUSUKMA	SMA N 1 TRENGGALEK	449	# 1
12	ANNAS BANYU .A	SMKN 1 TRENGGALEK	441	# 2
13	JIHAN RAMDHANI	SMA HASAN MUNAHIR	440	FAVORITE
37	RANI SULISTYO	SMA N 1 TRENGGALEK	439	7
3	NILA VERONICA .P.	SMA HASAN MUNAHIR	438	8
40	DIYANA LESTARI	SMAN 1 PANGGUL	438	9
21	AHMAD NUR HUDA	SMA HASAN MUNAHIR	437	10
35	IMROATUL ROSYIDAH	SMK IT NURUL FIKRI	433	11
6	AQIS RISKA	MAN TRENGGALEK	426	12
32	EKA FATMAWATI	SMKN 2 TRENGGALEK	425	13
43	SABRINA ASHILAH .S	SMAN 1 TRENGGALEK	424	14
5	JEHAN	SMA 1 PULE	422	15
17	APRINIA	SMA HASAN MUNAHIR	420	16
14	YULYA AYU	SMA 1 PULE	416	17
28	ELI NIRMALA PUSPITA	SMK ISLAM 1 DURENAN	409	18
29	ANDINI PUSPITASARI	SMK PLUS NURUL HIKMAH	409	19
23	RINA DWI ANGGRAINA	MAN TRENGGALEK	404	20
27	ELSA LUSIANA	SMKN 2 TRENGGALEK	404	21
7	MAR’AH WIDATUL	SMK NURUL FIKRI	403	22
42	RATNA DWI LESTARI	SMAN 1 KAMPAK	401	23
34	NITA SETYOWATI	SMK ISLAM 1 DURENAN	398	24
2	ZAKIYATUS ARSIDA	SMKN 1 TRENGGALEK	396	25
16	VERA TRIA AGUSTINA	SMKN 1 POGALAN	395	26
25	ANI RAHMAWATI	SMA N 1 TUGU	388	27
19	IKA NUR RAHMAWATI	MAN TRENGGALEK	387	28
11	NARITA HESTININGSIH	MA AL FALAH	380	29
4	SAFERA	MAN TRENGGALEK	379	30
9	NINGKI	SMA 1 PULE	377	31
22	NININ FURIYANTI APRILIA	SMKN 1 POGALAN	375	32
44	MUHAMMAD RIZAL AZIZI	MA QOMARUL HIDAYAH	375	33
33	ULFA NURKHASANAH	SMK ISLAM 1 DURENAN	372	34
24	ARI MAULANA ASANTO	SMK BUDI UTOMO	370	35
26	WAHYU MAWADATUL H	MA QOMARUL HIDAYAH	364	36
38	R.FILLINDO	SMAN 1 KAMPAK	362	37
10	DEVITA	SMA 1 PULE	355	38
20	FATUR RADI PRAYOGA	SMK BUDI UTOMO	349	39
18	DEWINTA YULIA PUTRI	SMK BUDI UTOMO	342	40
1	TUTUT NURSINTIA	SMAN 1 TUGU	339	41
39	SUCI WULANSARI	MAN PANGGUL	335	42
8	LILIS SEPTIANI	MA AL FALAH	310	43
30	MAISAROH	MAN PANGGUL	307	44

Pragmatics DEIXIS AND DISTANCE

PRAGMATICS

DEIXIS AND DISTANCE

(This assignment is submiteted to fulfill one of the requirements of pragmantics subject guided by Yatno M.Pd.               )

 

Compiled By:

2^nd Group of 6E Class

1.      Agung Nur Arifin

2.      Agus Budi Santoso

3.      Dwi Sakti Galuh Pratiwi

4.      Santi Hidha Yanti

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

THE INSTITUTE OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

STKIP PGRI TRENGGALEK

2015

PREFACE

Firstly, I would like to dedicate my greatest appreciation to the mighty God for giving blest, love, strength, spirit through my life and helping me finish our Pragmatic project.

Secondly, I would like to extend my gratitude to my lecturer, Mr. Yatno for the guidance, suggestion, and correction during the consultations of this project.

I also express my deepest gratitude to the chairman and secretary of my board of examiners, especially to my first examiner and second examiner. Furthermore, to all my lecturers at STKIP PGRI Tulungagung who provided me some knowledge, guidance, and advice during my study. I also express my deepest love to my parents who financially and patiently always support me.

Trenggalek,  April 18^th 2015

2^nd Group

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE..................................................................................                i

TABLE OF CONTENT.............................................................                 ii

DEFINITION OF DEIXIS AND DISTANCE..........................                   1

PERSON DEIXIS......................................................................                 1

SPATIAL DEIXIS......................................................................                 3

TEMPORAL DEIXIS...............................................................                  4

DEIXIS AND GRAMMAR.......................................................                 5

REFERENCES.............................................................................              iii

DEIXIS AND DISTANCE

  

A.    Definition.

The word deixis is a technical term (from Greek) for one of the mostbasic things we do with utterances, which means ’pointing’ via language. Any linguistic form used to accomplis ‘pointing’ is called a deictic expression. Deictic expression are also know as indexical. They are among the first forms to be spoken by very young children and can be used to indicate people via person deixis (‘me’ , ‘you’) , or location via spatial deixis (‘here’ , ‘there’) , or time via temporal deixis (‘now’ , ‘then’). All those expressions depend, for their interpretation, on the speaker and hearer sharing the same context. Indeed, deictic expression have their most basic uses in face-to-face spoken interaction where utterances such as (1) are easily understood by the people present , but my need a translation for someone not right there.

[1] I’ll put this here.

(of course, you understood that Jim was telling Anne that he was about to put an extra house key in one of the kitchen drawers).

Deixis is clearly a form of refering that is tide to the speaker’s context, with the most basic distinction between deictic expressions being ‘near speaker’ versus ‘away from speaker’. In english the ‘near of speaker’, or proximal terms ,are ‘this’ , ‘here’ , ‘now’ . the ‘away from speaker’, or distal terms are ‘that’ , ‘there’ , ‘then’. Proximal terms are typically interpreted in terms of the speaker’s location,or the deictic centre, so that ‘now’ generally understood as refering to some point or period in time that has the time of the speakers utterances at its center. Distal terms cn simply indicate ‘away from speaker’, but in some languages can be used to distinguish between ‘near adressee’ and ‘away from both the speaker and adressee’. Thus in Japanese, the translation of the pronoun ‘that’ will ditsinguish between ‘that near adressee’ ‘sore’ and ‘that distant from both of the speaker and adressee’ ‘are’ with a third term being used for the proximal ‘this near speaker’ ‘kore’.

B.     Person Deixis.

The distinction just described involves person deixis, with the speaker (I) and the adressee (‘you’) mentioned. The simplicity of these forms disguises the complexity of their use. To learn these deictic expressions , we have to discover that ech person in a conversation shifts from being ‘I’ to being ‘you’ constantly. All young children go through a stage in their learning where this distiction seems problematic and they say things like ‘read you a story’ (instead of ‘me’) when handing over the favorite book.

Person deixis clerly operate on a basic three-part division, exemplified by the pronouns of the first person (‘I’) second person (‘you’) and third person (‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’). In many languages these deictic categories of speaker, adressee, and other(s) are elaborated with markers of relative social status (e.g. adressee with higher status versus adressee with lower status). Expressions which indicate higher status are described as honorifics. The discussion of the circumstances which lead to the choice of one of these forms rather than another is sometimes described as social deixis.

A fairly well-known example of a social contrast encoded within person deixis is the distinction between forms used for a familiar versus a non-familiar adressee in some languages. Third persons pronouns are consequently distal forms in terms of person deixis. Using a third person form, where a second person form would be possible, is one way of communicating distance (and non-familiarity). This can be done in English for an ironic or humorous purpose as when one person, who’s very busy in the kitchen, adresses another, who’s being very lazy as in [2].

[2] would his highness like some coffee?

The distance associated with third person forms is also used to make potential accusation (e.g.: ‘you didn’t clean up’) less direct, as in [3a], or to make a potentially personal issue seem like an impersonal one, based on a general rule, as in [3b].

[3] a. Somebody didn’t clean up after himself.

 b. each person has to clean up after her or himself.

Of course, the speaker can state such general ‘rules’ as applying to the speaker plus other(s), by using the first person plural (‘we’) as in [4].

[4] we clean up after ourselves around here.

There is in English a potential ambiguity in such uses which allows two different interpretations. There is aexclusive ‘we’ (speaker plus other(s), excluding adressee) and an inclusive ‘we’(speaker and adressee included). Some languages grammaticize this distinction.

C.    Spatial deixis

The concept of distance already mentioned is clearly relevant to spatial deixis, where the relative location of people and things is being indicated. Contenporary English makes use of only two adverds , ‘here and there’, for the basic distinction, but in older text in some dialects a must larger set of deitic expressions can be found. Althought ‘yonder’ (more distant from speaker) is still used, words like ‘hither’ (to this place) and ‘thence’ (from that place) now sounds archaic. These last two adverbs includes the meaning of motion,such as ‘come’ and ‘go’, retain a deictic sense when they are used to mark movement toward the speaker (‘come to bed !’) or away from the speaker (‘go to bed!).

One version of the concept of motion toward speaker (i.e. becoming visible), seems to be the first deictic meaning learned by children and characterizes their use of words like ‘this’ and ‘here’ (can be seen). They are distinct from ‘that’ and ‘there’ which are associated with things that move out of the child’s visual space (can no longer be seen).

In considering spatial deixis, however, it is important to remember that location from the speaker’s perspective can be fixed mentally as well as physically. Speakers temporarily away from their home location will often continue to use ‘here’ to mean the (physically distant) home location, as if they were still in that location. Speakers also seem to be able to project themselves into other locations prior to actually being in those location, as when they say ‘I’ll come later’ (=movement to addressee’s location).

This is sometimes described as deictic projection and we make more use of its possibilities as more technology allows us to manipulate location. If ‘here’ means the place of the speakers utterance (and ‘now’ means the time of the speaker’s utterance then an utterance such as (s) should be nonsense.

[5] I am not here now

However, I can say [5] into the recorder of a telephone answering machine, projecting that the ‘now’ will apply to any time someone tries to call me, and not to whenI actually second the words. Indeed, recording [5] is a kind of dramatic performance for a future audience in which I  project any presence to be in the required location. A similar deictic projection is accomplised via dramatic performance when I use direct speech to thing else. For example, I could be telling you about a visit to a pet store , as in [6].

[6] I was looking at this little puppy in a cage with such a sad look on its face. It was like, ‘oh, I’m so unhappy here, will you set me free?’

The ‘here’ of the cage is not the actual physical location of the person uttering the word (thespeaker), but is instead the location of that person performing in the role of the puppy.

It may be that the truly pragmatic basis of spatial deixis is actually psyohological distance. Physiclally close object will tend to be treated by the speaker as psychologically close. Also, something that is physically distant will generally be treated as psychologically distant (for example, ‘that man over there’). However, a speker may also wish to mark something that is physically close (for example, a perfume being sniffed by the speaker) as psychologically distant ‘I don’t like that ‘. In this analysis, a word like ‘that’ does not have a fixed (i.e. semantic) meaning instead, it is ‘invested’ with meaning in a context by a speaker.

Similar psychological processes seem to be at work in our distinctions between proximal and distal expressions used to mark temporal deixis. 

D.    Temporal deixis

We have already noted the use of the proximal form ‘now’ as indicating both the time coinciding with the speakers utterance and the time of the speaker’s voice being heard (the hearer’s ‘now’). In contrast to’now’, the distal expression ‘then’ applies toboth past (7a) and future (7b) time relative to the speaker’s present time.

(7) a. November 22nd, 1963? I was in Scotland then

      b. Dinner at 8:30 on Saturday? Okay, I’ll see you then

It is worth noting that we also use elaborate systems of non-deictic temporal reference such as calender time (dates, as in (7)) and clock time (hours, as in (7b)). However, these forms of temporal reference are learned a lot later than the deictic expressions like ‘yesterday’, ‘tomorrow’, ‘today’, ‘tonight’, ‘next week’, ‘last week’, ‘this week’. All these expressions depend for their interpretation on knowing the relevant utterance time. If we don’t know the utterance (i.e. scribbling) time of a note, as in (8), on an office door, we won’t know if we have a short or a long wait ahead.

(8) Back in an hour.

Similarly, if we return the next  day to a bar that displays the notice in (9), then we will still be (deictically) one day early for the free drink.

(9) free Beer Tomorrow

The psychological basis of temporal deixis seems to be similar to that of spatial deixis. We can treat temporalevents as objects that move toward us (intoview) or away from us (out of view). One metaphor used in English is of events coming towards the speaker from the future (forexample, ‘the coming week’ , ‘the approaching year’) andgoing away from the speaker to the past (for example, ‘in days gone by’, ‘the past week’). We also seem to treat the near or immediate future as being close to utterance time by using the proximal deictic this, as in ‘this’ (coming) we can ‘or’ this (coming) Thursday.

One basic (but often unrecognized) tipe of temporal deixis in English is in the choice ofverb tense. Whereas other languages have many different form of the verb as different tenses English has only two basic forms, the present as in [10a],and the past as in [10b].

[10]  a. I live here now.

        b. I lived there then.

The present tense is the proximal form and the past tense is the distal form. Something having taken place in thepast, as in [11a], is typically treated as distant from the speaker’s current situation. Perhaps less obviously, something that is treated as extremelly unlikely (or impossible) from the speaker’s current situations is also marked via the distal (past tense) form, as in [11b].

[11] a. I could swim (when I was a child).

       b. I could be in Hawaii(if I had alot of money).

The past tense is also always used in English in those if-clauses that mark events presented by the speaker as not being close to present reality as in [12].

[12] a. If I had a yacht.

       b. If I was rich.

Neither of the ideas expressed in [12] are to be treated as having happened in past time. They are presented as deictically distant from the  speakers current situation. So distant, indeed, that they actually communicate the negative (we infer that the speaker has no yacht and is not rich).

E.     Deixis and Grammar

The basic distinctions presented so far for person, spatial,and temporal deixis can all be seen at work in one of the most common structural distinctions made in English grammar – that between direct and indirect (or reported) speech. As already described, the deictic expressions for person I ‘you’). Place I ‘here’, and time (this evening) can all be intrepeted within the same context as the speakers who uttress [13a].

[13]a. Are you planning to be here this evening.

       b. I asked her if she was planning to be there that evening.

When the context shifts, for example in (13b) to one in which I report the previous utterance, then the previous utterance is marked deictically as relative to the circumstances of asking. Note the proximal forms presented in (13a) have shifted to the coressponding distal forms in (13b). this very regular difference in English reported discourse marks a distination between the ‘near speaker’ meaning of direct speech and the ‘away from speaker’ meaning of indirect speech. The proximal deictic forms of a direct speech reporting communicate, often dramatically, a sense of being in the same context as the utterance. The distal deictic forms of indirect speech reporting make the origional speech event seem more remote.

            It should not be a surprise to learn that deictic expressions were all to be found in the pragmatics wastebasket. Their interpretation depends on the context, the speaker’s intention, and they express relative distance. Given their small size and extremely wide range of possible uses, deictic expressions always communicate much more than is said.

 

REFERENCES

Wordpress, Abudira Files. Pragmatics Oxford Introduction to Language Study. https://abudira.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/pragmatics__oxford_introductions_to_language_study__2.pdf. accessed on Friday, April 17th 2015.

Yule, George. 1996. PRAGMATICS. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.