SCORING LIST | ||||
STORY TELLING COMPETITION | ||||
STKIP PGRI TRENGGALEK 2015 | ||||
NO. | NAME | SCHOOL | SCORE | STATUS |
31 | PUSVITA LESTARI | SMAN 1 PANGGUL | 464 | 1 |
41 | HARISSA FAIRUZ YULIKA SARI | SMAN 1 TRENGGALEK | 463 | 2 |
15 | GIGIH WIDY .M | SMA N 1 TRENGGALEK | 461 | 3 |
36 | YUDHISTIRA ANDARUSUKMA | SMA N 1 TRENGGALEK | 449 | # 1 |
12 | ANNAS BANYU .A | SMKN 1 TRENGGALEK | 441 | # 2 |
13 | JIHAN RAMDHANI | SMA HASAN MUNAHIR | 440 | FAVORITE |
37 | RANI SULISTYO | SMA N 1 TRENGGALEK | 439 | 7 |
3 | NILA VERONICA .P. | SMA HASAN MUNAHIR | 438 | 8 |
40 | DIYANA LESTARI | SMAN 1 PANGGUL | 438 | 9 |
21 | AHMAD NUR HUDA | SMA HASAN MUNAHIR | 437 | 10 |
35 | IMROATUL ROSYIDAH | SMK IT NURUL FIKRI | 433 | 11 |
6 | AQIS RISKA | MAN TRENGGALEK | 426 | 12 |
32 | EKA FATMAWATI | SMKN 2 TRENGGALEK | 425 | 13 |
43 | SABRINA ASHILAH .S | SMAN 1 TRENGGALEK | 424 | 14 |
5 | JEHAN | SMA 1 PULE | 422 | 15 |
17 | APRINIA | SMA HASAN MUNAHIR | 420 | 16 |
14 | YULYA AYU | SMA 1 PULE | 416 | 17 |
28 | ELI NIRMALA PUSPITA | SMK ISLAM 1 DURENAN | 409 | 18 |
29 | ANDINI PUSPITASARI | SMK PLUS NURUL HIKMAH | 409 | 19 |
23 | RINA DWI ANGGRAINA | MAN TRENGGALEK | 404 | 20 |
27 | ELSA LUSIANA | SMKN 2 TRENGGALEK | 404 | 21 |
7 | MAR’AH WIDATUL | SMK NURUL FIKRI | 403 | 22 |
42 | RATNA DWI LESTARI | SMAN 1 KAMPAK | 401 | 23 |
34 | NITA SETYOWATI | SMK ISLAM 1 DURENAN | 398 | 24 |
2 | ZAKIYATUS ARSIDA | SMKN 1 TRENGGALEK | 396 | 25 |
16 | VERA TRIA AGUSTINA | SMKN 1 POGALAN | 395 | 26 |
25 | ANI RAHMAWATI | SMA N 1 TUGU | 388 | 27 |
19 | IKA NUR RAHMAWATI | MAN TRENGGALEK | 387 | 28 |
11 | NARITA HESTININGSIH | MA AL FALAH | 380 | 29 |
4 | SAFERA | MAN TRENGGALEK | 379 | 30 |
9 | NINGKI | SMA 1 PULE | 377 | 31 |
22 | NININ FURIYANTI APRILIA | SMKN 1 POGALAN | 375 | 32 |
44 | MUHAMMAD RIZAL AZIZI | MA QOMARUL HIDAYAH | 375 | 33 |
33 | ULFA NURKHASANAH | SMK ISLAM 1 DURENAN | 372 | 34 |
24 | ARI MAULANA ASANTO | SMK BUDI UTOMO | 370 | 35 |
26 | WAHYU MAWADATUL H | MA QOMARUL HIDAYAH | 364 | 36 |
38 | R.FILLINDO | SMAN 1 KAMPAK | 362 | 37 |
10 | DEVITA | SMA 1 PULE | 355 | 38 |
20 | FATUR RADI PRAYOGA | SMK BUDI UTOMO | 349 | 39 |
18 | DEWINTA YULIA PUTRI | SMK BUDI UTOMO | 342 | 40 |
1 | TUTUT NURSINTIA | SMAN 1 TUGU | 339 | 41 |
39 | SUCI WULANSARI | MAN PANGGUL | 335 | 42 |
8 | LILIS SEPTIANI | MA AL FALAH | 310 | 43 |
30 | MAISAROH | MAN PANGGUL | 307 | 44 |
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Kamis, 23 April 2015
Pragmatics DEIXIS AND DISTANCE
PRAGMATICS
DEIXIS AND DISTANCE
(This
assignment is submiteted to fulfill one of the requirements of pragmantics
subject guided by Yatno M.Pd.
)
Compiled By:
2nd Group of 6E Class
1.
Agung
Nur Arifin
2.
Agus
Budi Santoso
3.
Dwi
Sakti Galuh Pratiwi
4.
Santi
Hidha Yanti
ENGLISH
DEPARTMENT
THE INSTITUTE OF TEACHER TRAINING
AND EDUCATION
STKIP PGRI TRENGGALEK
2015
PREFACE
Firstly, I would like to
dedicate my greatest appreciation to the mighty God for giving blest, love,
strength, spirit through my life and helping me finish our Pragmatic project.
Secondly, I would like to
extend my gratitude to my lecturer, Mr. Yatno for the guidance, suggestion, and
correction during the consultations of this project.
I also express my deepest
gratitude to the chairman and secretary of my board of examiners, especially to
my first examiner and second examiner. Furthermore, to all my lecturers at
STKIP PGRI Tulungagung who provided me some knowledge, guidance, and advice
during my study. I also express my deepest love to my parents who financially
and patiently always support me.
Trenggalek, April 18th 2015
2nd
Group
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
PREFACE.................................................................................. i
TABLE
OF CONTENT............................................................. ii
DEFINITION
OF DEIXIS AND DISTANCE.......................... 1
PERSON
DEIXIS...................................................................... 1
SPATIAL
DEIXIS...................................................................... 3
TEMPORAL
DEIXIS............................................................... 4
DEIXIS
AND GRAMMAR....................................................... 5
REFERENCES............................................................................. iii
DEIXIS AND DISTANCE
A.
Definition.
The
word deixis is a technical term (from Greek) for one of the mostbasic things we
do with utterances, which means ’pointing’ via language. Any linguistic form
used to accomplis ‘pointing’ is called a deictic expression. Deictic expression
are also know as indexical. They are among the first forms to be spoken by very
young children and can be used to indicate people via person deixis (‘me’ , ‘you’) , or location via spatial deixis (‘here’ , ‘there’) , or time via temporal deixis (‘now’ , ‘then’). All
those expressions depend, for their interpretation, on the speaker and hearer
sharing the same context. Indeed, deictic expression have their most basic uses
in face-to-face spoken interaction where utterances such as (1) are easily
understood by the people present , but my need a translation for someone not
right there.
[1]
I’ll put this here.
(of course, you
understood that Jim was telling Anne that he was about to put an extra house
key in one of the kitchen drawers).
Deixis
is clearly a form of refering that is tide to the speaker’s context, with the
most basic distinction between deictic expressions being ‘near speaker’ versus
‘away from speaker’. In english the ‘near of speaker’, or proximal terms ,are ‘this’ , ‘here’ , ‘now’ . the ‘away from
speaker’, or distal terms are ‘that’ , ‘there’ , ‘then’. Proximal terms are
typically interpreted in terms of the speaker’s location,or the deictic centre,
so that ‘now’ generally understood as refering to some point or period in time
that has the time of the speakers utterances at its center. Distal terms cn
simply indicate ‘away from speaker’, but in some languages can be used to
distinguish between ‘near adressee’ and ‘away from both the speaker and adressee’.
Thus in Japanese, the translation of the pronoun ‘that’ will ditsinguish
between ‘that near adressee’ ‘sore’ and ‘that distant from both of the speaker
and adressee’ ‘are’ with a third term being used for the proximal ‘this near
speaker’ ‘kore’.
B.
Person
Deixis.
The distinction
just described involves person deixis, with the speaker (I) and the adressee
(‘you’) mentioned. The simplicity of these forms disguises the complexity of
their use. To learn these deictic expressions , we have to discover that ech
person in a conversation shifts from being ‘I’ to being ‘you’ constantly. All
young children go through a stage in their learning where this distiction seems
problematic and they say things like ‘read you a story’ (instead of ‘me’) when
handing over the favorite book.
Person deixis
clerly operate on a basic three-part division, exemplified by the pronouns of
the first person (‘I’) second person (‘you’) and third person (‘he’, ‘she’,
‘it’). In many languages these deictic categories of speaker, adressee, and
other(s) are elaborated with markers of relative social status (e.g. adressee
with higher status versus adressee with lower status). Expressions which
indicate higher status are described as honorifics.
The discussion of the circumstances which lead to the choice of one of
these forms rather than another is sometimes described as social deixis.
A fairly well-known example of a social contrast encoded within person deixis is the
distinction between forms used for a familiar versus a non-familiar adressee in
some languages. Third persons pronouns are consequently distal forms in terms
of person deixis. Using a third person form, where a second person form would
be possible, is one way of communicating distance (and non-familiarity). This
can be done in English for an ironic or humorous purpose as when one person,
who’s very busy in the kitchen, adresses another, who’s being very lazy as in
[2].
[2] would his highness
like some coffee?
The
distance associated with third person forms is also used to make potential
accusation (e.g.: ‘you didn’t clean up’) less direct, as in [3a], or to make a
potentially personal issue seem like an impersonal one, based on a general
rule, as in [3b].
[3] a. Somebody didn’t
clean up after himself.
b. each person has to clean up after her or
himself.
Of
course, the speaker can state such general ‘rules’ as applying to the speaker
plus other(s), by using the first person plural (‘we’) as in [4].
[4] we clean up after ourselves
around here.
There is in English a potential ambiguity
in such uses which allows two different interpretations. There is aexclusive
‘we’ (speaker plus other(s), excluding adressee) and an inclusive ‘we’(speaker
and adressee included). Some languages grammaticize this distinction.
C.
Spatial
deixis
The concept of distance
already mentioned is clearly relevant to spatial deixis, where the relative
location of people and things is being indicated. Contenporary English makes
use of only two adverds , ‘here and there’, for the basic distinction, but in older
text in some dialects a must larger set of deitic expressions can be found.
Althought ‘yonder’ (more distant from speaker) is still used, words like
‘hither’ (to this place) and ‘thence’ (from that place) now sounds archaic.
These last two adverbs includes the meaning of motion,such as ‘come’ and ‘go’,
retain a deictic sense when they are used to mark movement toward the speaker
(‘come to bed !’) or away from the speaker (‘go to bed!).
One version of the
concept of motion toward speaker (i.e. becoming visible), seems to be the first
deictic meaning learned by children and characterizes their use of words like
‘this’ and ‘here’ (can be seen). They are distinct from ‘that’ and ‘there’
which are associated with things that move out of the child’s visual space (can
no longer be seen).
In considering spatial
deixis, however, it is important to remember that location from the speaker’s
perspective can be fixed mentally as well as physically. Speakers temporarily
away from their home location will often continue to use ‘here’ to mean the
(physically distant) home location, as if they were still in that location.
Speakers also seem to be able to project themselves into other locations prior
to actually being in those location, as when they say ‘I’ll come later’
(=movement to addressee’s location).
This is sometimes
described as deictic projection and we make more use of its possibilities as
more technology allows us to manipulate location. If ‘here’ means the place of
the speakers utterance (and ‘now’ means the time of the speaker’s utterance
then an utterance such as (s) should be nonsense.
[5] I am not here now
However, I can say [5]
into the recorder of a telephone answering machine, projecting that the ‘now’
will apply to any time someone tries to call me, and not to whenI actually
second the words. Indeed, recording [5] is a kind of dramatic performance for a
future audience in which I project any
presence to be in the required location. A similar deictic projection is
accomplised via dramatic performance when I use direct speech to thing else.
For example, I could be telling you about a visit to a pet store , as in [6].
[6] I was looking at
this little puppy in a cage with such a sad look on its face. It was like, ‘oh,
I’m so unhappy here, will you set me free?’
The ‘here’ of the cage is not the actual
physical location of the person uttering the word (thespeaker), but is instead
the location of that person performing in the role of the puppy.
It may be that the truly pragmatic basis
of spatial deixis is actually psyohological distance. Physiclally close object
will tend to be treated by the speaker as psychologically close. Also,
something that is physically distant will generally be treated as
psychologically distant (for example, ‘that man over there’). However, a speker
may also wish to mark something that is physically close (for example, a
perfume being sniffed by the speaker) as psychologically distant ‘I don’t like
that ‘. In this analysis, a word like ‘that’ does not have a fixed (i.e. semantic)
meaning instead, it is ‘invested’ with meaning in a context by a speaker.
Similar psychological processes seem to
be at work in our distinctions between proximal and distal expressions used to
mark temporal deixis.
D.
Temporal
deixis
We have already noted the use of the
proximal form ‘now’ as indicating both the time coinciding with the speakers
utterance and the time of the speaker’s voice being heard (the hearer’s ‘now’).
In contrast to’now’, the distal expression ‘then’ applies toboth past (7a) and
future (7b) time relative to the speaker’s present time.
(7) a. November 22nd, 1963? I was in
Scotland then
b. Dinner at 8:30 on Saturday? Okay, I’ll see you then
It is worth noting that
we also use elaborate systems of non-deictic temporal reference such as
calender time (dates, as in (7)) and clock time (hours, as in (7b)). However,
these forms of temporal reference are learned a lot later than the deictic
expressions like ‘yesterday’, ‘tomorrow’, ‘today’, ‘tonight’, ‘next week’,
‘last week’, ‘this week’. All these expressions depend for their interpretation
on knowing the relevant utterance time. If we don’t know the utterance (i.e.
scribbling) time of a note, as in (8), on an office door, we won’t know if we
have a short or a long wait ahead.
(8) Back in an hour.
Similarly, if we return the next day to a bar that displays the notice in (9),
then we will still be (deictically) one day early for the free drink.
(9) free Beer Tomorrow
The psychological basis
of temporal deixis seems to be similar to that of spatial deixis. We can treat
temporalevents as objects that move toward us (intoview) or away from us (out
of view). One metaphor used in English is of events coming towards the speaker
from the future (forexample, ‘the coming week’ , ‘the approaching year’)
andgoing away from the speaker to the past (for example, ‘in days gone by’,
‘the past week’). We also seem to treat the near or immediate future as being
close to utterance time by using the proximal deictic this, as in ‘this’
(coming) we can ‘or’ this (coming) Thursday.
One basic (but often unrecognized) tipe
of temporal deixis in English is in the choice ofverb tense. Whereas other languages
have many different form of the verb as different tenses English has only two
basic forms, the present as in [10a],and the past as in [10b].
[10]
a. I live here now.
b. I lived there then.
The present tense is
the proximal form and the past tense is the distal form. Something having taken
place in thepast, as in [11a], is typically treated as distant from the
speaker’s current situation. Perhaps less obviously, something that is treated
as extremelly unlikely (or impossible) from the speaker’s current situations is
also marked via the distal (past tense) form, as in [11b].
[11] a. I could swim (when I was a
child).
b. I could be in Hawaii(if I had alot of money).
The past tense is also always used in
English in those if-clauses that mark
events presented by the speaker as not being close to present reality as in
[12].
[12] a. If I had a yacht.
b. If I was rich.
Neither of the ideas
expressed in [12] are to be treated as having happened in past time. They are
presented as deictically distant from the
speakers current situation. So distant, indeed, that they actually
communicate the negative (we infer that the speaker has no yacht and is not
rich).
E.
Deixis
and Grammar
The basic distinctions
presented so far for person, spatial,and temporal deixis can all be seen at
work in one of the most common structural distinctions made in English grammar
– that between direct and indirect (or reported) speech. As already described,
the deictic expressions for person I ‘you’). Place I ‘here’, and time (this
evening) can all be intrepeted within the same context as the speakers who
uttress [13a].
[13]a. Are you planning
to be here this evening.
b. I asked her if she was planning to be
there that evening.
When the context
shifts, for example in (13b) to one in which I report the previous utterance,
then the previous utterance is marked deictically as relative to the
circumstances of asking. Note the proximal forms presented in (13a) have
shifted to the coressponding distal forms in (13b). this very regular
difference in English reported discourse marks a distination between the ‘near
speaker’ meaning of direct speech and the ‘away from speaker’ meaning of
indirect speech. The proximal deictic forms of a direct speech reporting
communicate, often dramatically, a sense of being in the same context as the
utterance. The distal deictic forms of indirect speech reporting make the
origional speech event seem more remote.
It should not be a surprise to learn
that deictic expressions were all to be found in the pragmatics wastebasket.
Their interpretation depends on the context, the speaker’s intention, and they
express relative distance. Given their small size and extremely wide range of
possible uses, deictic expressions always communicate much more than is said.
REFERENCES
Wordpress, Abudira
Files. Pragmatics Oxford Introduction to
Language Study. https://abudira.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/pragmatics__oxford_introductions_to_language_study__2.pdf. accessed on Friday,
April 17th 2015.
Yule, George. 1996. PRAGMATICS. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
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